HTML5
is a markup language for structuring and presenting content for the World Wide Web and a core technology of the Internet. It is the fifth revision of the HTML standard (created in 1990 and standardized as HTML 4 as of 1997) and, as of December 2012, is a W3C Candidate Recommendation. Its core aims have been to improve the language with support for the latest multimedia while keeping it easily readable by humans and consistently understood by computers and devices (web browsers, parsers, etc.). HTML5 is intended to subsume not only HTML 4, but also XHTML 1 and DOM Level 2 HTML.[2]
Following its immediate predecessors HTML 4.01 and XHTML 1.1, HTML5
is a response to the observation that the HTML and XHTML in common use
on the World Wide Web are a mixture of features introduced by various
specifications, along with those introduced by software products such as
web browsers, those established by common practice, and the many syntax errors in existing web documents. It is also an attempt to define a single markup language
that can be written in either HTML or XHTML syntax. It includes
detailed processing models to encourage more interoperable
implementations; it extends, improves and rationalises the markup
available for documents, and introduces markup and application programming interfaces (APIs) for complex web applications.[5] For the same reasons, HTML5 is also a potential candidate for cross-platform mobile applications.
Many features of HTML5 have been built with the consideration of being
able to run on low-powered devices such as smartphones and tablets. In
December 2011, research firm Strategy Analytics forecast sales of HTML5
compatible phones will top 1 billion in 2013.
In particular, HTML5 adds many new syntactic features. These include the new
<video>, <audio> and <canvas> elements, as well as the integration of scalable vector graphics (SVG) content (that replaces the uses of generic <object> tags) and MathML for mathematical formulas. These features are designed to make it easy to include and handle multimedia and graphical content on the web without having to resort to proprietary plugins and APIs. Other new elements, such as <section>, <article>, <header> and <nav>, are designed to enrich the semantic content of documents. New attributes have been introduced for the same purpose, while some elements and attributes have been removed. Some elements, such as <a>, <cite> and <menu> have been changed, redefined or standardized. The APIs and Document Object Model (DOM) are no longer afterthoughts, but are fundamental parts of the HTML5 specification.
HTML5 also defines in some detail the required processing for invalid
documents so that syntax errors will be treated uniformly by all
conforming browsers and other user agents.History
The Web Hypertext Application Technology Working Group (WHATWG) began work on the new standard in 2004. At that time, HTML 4.01 had not been updated since 2000, and the World Wide Web Consortium (W3C) was focusing future developments on XHTML 2.0.
In 2009, the W3C allowed the XHTML 2.0 Working Group's charter to
expire and decided not to renew it. W3C and WHATWG are currently working
together on the development of HTML5.
While HTML5 is often compared to Flash, the two technologies are very
different. Both include features for playing audio and video within web
pages, and for using Scalable Vector Graphics. HTML5 on its own cannot be used for animation and interactivity — it must be supplemented with CSS3 or JavaScript. There are many Flash capabilities that have no direct counterpart in HTML5. See Comparison of HTML5 and Flash.
Although HTML5 has been well known among web developers for years, it became the topic of mainstream media around April 2010 after Apple Inc's then-CEO Steve Jobs issued a public letter titled "Thoughts on Flash" where he concludes that "[Adobe] Flash
is no longer necessary to watch video or consume any kind of web
content" and that "new open standards created in the mobile era, such as
HTML5, will win".
This sparked a debate in web development circles where some suggested
that while HTML5 provides enhanced functionality, developers must
consider the varying browser support of the different parts of the
standard as well as other functionality differences between HTML5 and
Flash.
In early November 2011, Adobe announced that it will discontinue
development of Flash for mobile devices and reorient its efforts in
developing tools utilizing HTML5.
Standardization process
The Mozilla Foundation and Opera Software presented a position paper at a World Wide Web Consortium (W3C) workshop in June 2004, focusing on developing technologies that are backwards compatible with existing browsers,
including an initial draft specification of Web Forms 2.0. The workshop
concluded with a vote, 8 for, 14 against, for continuing work on HTML. Later that month, work based upon that position paper moved to the
newly formed Web Hypertext Application Technology Working Group
(WHATWG), and a second draft, Web Applications 1.0, was also announced. The two specifications were later merged to form HTML5.[21] The HTML5 specification was adopted as the starting point of the work of the new HTML working group of the W3C in 2007.
- 2008 – First Public Working Draft
WHATWG published the First Public Working Draft of the specification on 22 January 2008.
Parts of HTML5 have been implemented in browsers despite the whole
specification not yet having reached final Recommendation status.
- 2011 – Last Call
On 14 February 2011, the W3C extended the charter of its HTML Working
Group with clear milestones for HTML5. In May 2011, the working group
advanced HTML5 to "Last Call", an invitation to communities inside and
outside W3C to confirm the technical soundness of the specification. The
W3C is developing a comprehensive test suite to achieve broad
interoperability for the full specification by 2014, which is now the
target date for Recommendation. In January 2011, the WHATWG renamed its "HTML5" living standard to "HTML". The W3C nevertheless continues its project to release HTML5.[24]
- 2012 – Candidate Recommendation
In July 2012, WHATWG and W3C
decided on a degree of separation. W3C will continue the HTML5
specification work, focusing on a single definitive standard, which is
considered as a "snapshot" by WHATWG. The WHATWG organization will
continue its work with HTML5 as a "Living Standard". The concept of a
living standard is that it is never complete and is always being updated
and improved. New features can be added but functionality will not be
removed.
In December 2012, W3C designated HTML5 as a Candidate Recommendation. The criterion for advancement to W3C Recommendation is "two 100% complete and fully interoperable implementations".
Plan 2014
In September 2012, the W3C proposed a plan to release a stable HTML5 Recommendation by the end of 2014 and an HTML 5.1 specification Recommendation by the end of 2016.
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