Friday, January 10, 2014
Sunday, July 14, 2013
Microsoft Office Excel 2007 / 2010 Tutorial
Microsoft Excel
is a spreadsheet application developed
by Microsoft forMicrosoft Windows and Mac OS X. It features
calculation, graphing tools, pivot tables, and a macro
programming language called Visual Basic for Applications.
It has been a very widely applied spreadsheet for these
platforms, especially since version 5 in 1993, and it has
replaced Lotus 1-2-3 as the industry standard for
spreadsheets. Excel forms part of Microsoft Office.
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Microsoft Office Word 2007/2010 English Tutorial
Microsoft Word
is a word processor designed
by Microsoft. It was first released in 1983 under the
name Multi-Tool Word for Xenix systems.Subsequent versions
were later written for several other platforms
including IBM PCs running DOS (1983), the Apple
Macintosh (1984), the AT&T Unix PC(1985), Atari
ST (1986), SCO UNIX, OS/2, and Microsoft
Windows (1989). It is a component of the Microsoft
Office software system; it is also sold as a standalone
product and included in Microsoft Works Suite
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Monday, June 24, 2013
JavaScript English Tutorials
JavaScript
is an interpreted computer programming language. It was originally implemented as part of web browsers so that client-side scripts could interact with the user, control the browser, communicate asynchronously, and alter the document content that was displayed. More recently, however, it has become common in both game development and the creation of desktop applications.
JavaScript is a prototype-based scripting language that is dynamic, is type safe, and has first-class functions. Its syntax was influenced by the language C. JavaScript copies many names and naming conventions from Java,
but the two languages are otherwise unrelated and have very different
semantics. The key design principles within JavaScript are taken from
the Self and Scheme programming languages. It is a multi-paradigm language, supporting object-oriented, imperative, and functional programming styles.
JavaScript's use in applications outside of web pages—for example, in PDF documents, site-specific browsers, and desktop widgets—is also significant. Newer and faster JavaScript VMs and frameworks built upon them (notably Node.js) have also increased the popularity of JavaScript for server-side web applications.
JavaScript was formalized in the ECMAScript language standard and is primarily used as part of a web browser (client-side JavaScript). This enables programmatic access to computational objects within a host environment.
History
Birth at Netscape
JavaScript was originally developed in Netscape, by Brendan Eich.
Battling with Microsoft over the Internet, Netscape considered their
client-server solution as a distributed OS, running a portable version
of Sun Microsystems' Java. Because Java was a competitor of C++ and aimed at professional programmers, Netscape also wanted a lightweight interpreted language that would complement Java by appealing to nonprofessional programmers, like Microsoft's Visual Basic (see JavaScript and Java).
Developed under the name Mocha, LiveScript was the
official name for the language when it first shipped in beta releases of
Netscape Navigator 2.0 in September 1995, but it was renamed JavaScript when it was deployed in the Netscape browser version 2.0B3.
The change of name from LiveScript to JavaScript roughly coincided with Netscape adding support for Java technology in its Netscape Navigator web browser. The final choice of name caused confusion, giving the impression that the language was a spin-off of the Java programming language,
and the choice has been characterized by many as a marketing ploy by
Netscape to give JavaScript the cachet of what was then the hot new web
programming language.
Server-side JavaScript
Netscape introduced an implementation of the language for server-side scripting (SSJS) with Netscape Enterprise Server, first released in December, 1994 (soon after releasing JavaScript for browsers). Since the mid-2000s, there has been a proliferation of server-side JavaScript implementations. Node.js is one recent notable example of server-side JavaScript being used in real-world applications.
Adoption by Microsoft
JavaScript very quickly gained widespread success as a client-side scripting language for web pages. Microsoft introduced JavaScript support in its own web browser, Internet Explorer, in version 3.0, released in August 1996 Microsoft's webserver, Internet Information Server,
introduced support for server-side scripting in JavaScript with release
3.0 (1996). Microsoft started to promote webpage scripting using the
umbrella term Dynamic HTML.
Microsoft's JavaScript implementation was later renamed JScript to avoid trademark issues. JScript added new date methods to fix the Y2K-problematic methods in JavaScript, which were based on Java's
java.util.Date class.Standardization
In November 1996, Netscape announced that it had submitted JavaScript to Ecma International for consideration as an industry standard, and subsequent work resulted in the standardized version named ECMAScript. In June 1997, Ecma International published the first edition of the ECMA-262 specification.
A year later, in June 1998, some modifications were made to adapt it to
the ISO/IEC-16262 standard, and the second edition was released. The
third edition of ECMA-262 (published on December 1999) is the version most browsers currently use.
Fourth edition of Ecmascript standard was not released and does not
exist. Fifth edition of the Ecmascript standard was released in December
2009. The current edition of Ecmascript standard is 5.1 and it was
released in June 2011.
Later developments
JavaScript has become one of the most popular programming languages
on the web. Initially, however, many professional programmers denigrated
the language because its target audience consisted of web authors and
other such "amateurs", among other reasons. The advent of Ajax
returned JavaScript to the spotlight and brought more professional
programming attention. The result was a proliferation of comprehensive frameworks and libraries,
improved JavaScript programming practices, and increased usage of
JavaScript outside of web browsers, as seen by the proliferation of server-side JavaScript platforms.
In January 2009, the CommonJS
project was founded with the goal of specifying a common standard
library mainly for JavaScript development outside the browser.
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XHTML and CSS English Tutorials
XHTM
is a family of XML markup languages that mirror or extend versions of the widely used Hypertext Markup Language (HTML), the language in which web pages are written.
While HTML (prior to HTML5) was defined as an application of Standard Generalized Markup Language (SGML), a very flexible markup language framework, XHTML is an application of XML, a more restrictive subset of SGML. Because XHTML documents need to be well-formed, they can be parsed using standard XML parsers—unlike HTML, which requires a lenient HTML-specific parser.
XHTML 1.0 became a World Wide Web Consortium (W3C) Recommendation on January 26, 2000. XHTML 1.1 became a W3C Recommendation on May 31, 2001. XHTML5 is undergoing development as of September 2009, as part of the HTML5 specification.
Overview
XHTML 1.0 is "a reformulation of the three HTML 4 document types as applications of XML 1.0". The World Wide Web Consortium (W3C) also continues to maintain the HTML 4.01 Recommendation, and the specifications for HTML5
and XHTML5 are being actively developed. In the current XHTML 1.0
Recommendation document, as published and revised to August 2002, the
W3C commented that, "The XHTML family is the next step in the evolution
of the Internet. By migrating to XHTML today, content developers can
enter the XML world with all of its attendant benefits, while still
remaining confident in their content's backward and future
compatibility."
However, in 2005, the Web Hypertext Application Technology Working Group
(WHATWG) formed, independently of the W3C, to work on advancing
ordinary HTML not based on XHTML. The WHATWG eventually began working on
a standard that supported both XML and non-XML serializations, HTML5,
in parallel to W3C standards such as XHTML 2. In 2007, the W3C's HTML
working group voted to officially recognize HTML5 and work on it as the
next-generated HTML standard.
In 2009, the W3C allowed the XHTML 2 Working Group's charter to expire,
acknowledging that HTML5 would be the sole next-generation HTML
standard, including both XML and non-XML serializations. Of the two serializations, the W3C suggests that most authors use the HTML syntax, rather than the XHTML syntax.
Motivation
XHTML was developed to make HTML more extensible and increase interoperability with other data formats. HTML 4 was ostensibly an application of Standard Generalized Markup Language
(SGML); however the specification for SGML was complex, and neither web
browsers nor the HTML 4 Recommendation were fully conformant to it. The XML standard, approved in 1998, provided a simpler data format closer in simplicity to HTML 4. By shifting to an XML format, it was hoped HTML would become compatible with common XML tools; servers and proxies would be able to transform content, as necessary, for constrained devices such as mobile phones. By utilizing namespaces, XHTML documents could provide extensibility by including fragments from other XML-based languages such as Scalable Vector Graphics and MathML. Finally, the renewed work would provide an opportunity to divide HTML into reusable components (XHTML Modularization) and clean up untidy parts of the language.
Relationship to HTML
There are various differences between XHTML and HTML. The Document Object Model
is a tree structure that represents the page internally in
applications, and XHTML and HTML are two different ways of representing
that in markup (serializations). Both are less expressive than the DOM
(for example, "--" may be placed in comments in the DOM, but cannot be
represented in a comment in either XHTML or HTML), and generally XHTML's
XML syntax is a little more expressive than HTML (for example,
arbitrary namespaces are not allowed in HTML). So, firstly one source of
differences is immediate: XHTML uses an XML syntax, while HTML uses a
pseudo-SGML
syntax (officially SGML for HTML 4 and under, but never in practice,
and standardised away from SGML in HTML5). Secondly however, because the
expressible contents of the DOM in syntax are slightly different, there
are some changes in actual behavior between the two models.
First, there are some differences in syntax:
- Broadly, the XML rules require that all elements be closed, either by a separate closing tag or using self-closing syntax (e.g.
<br />), while HTML syntax permits some elements to be unclosed because either they are always empty (e.g.<input>) or their end can be determined implicitly ("omissibility", e.g.<p>). - XML is case-sensitive for element and attribute names, while HTML is not.
- Some shorthand features in HTML are omitted in XML, such as (1) attribute minimization, where attribute values or their quotes may be omitted (e.g.
<option selected>or<option selected=selected>, while XML this must be expressed as<option selected="selected">); (2) element minimization may be used to remove elements entirely (such as<tbody>inferred in a table if not given); and (3) the rarely used SGML syntax for element minimization ("shorttag"), which most browsers do not implement. - There are numerous other technical requirements surrounding namespaces and precise parsing of whitespace and certain characters and elements. The exact parsing of HTML in practice has been undefined until recently; see the HTML5 specification ([HTML5]) for full details, or the working summary (HTML vs. XHTML).
Secondly, in contrast to these minor syntactical differences, there
are some behavioral differences, mostly arising from the underlying
differences in serialization. For example:
- Most prominently, behavior on parse errors differ. A fatal parse error in XML (such as an incorrect tag structure) causes document processing to be aborted.
- Most content requiring namespaces will not work in HTML, except the
built-in support for SVG and MathML in the HTML5 parser along with
certain magic prefixes such as
xlink. - JavaScript processing is a little different in XHTML, with minor
changes in case sensitivity to some functions, and further precautions
to restrict processing to well-formed content. Scripts must not use the
document.write()method; it is not available for XHTML. TheinnerHTMLproperty is available, but will not insert non-well-formed content. On the other hand, it can be used to insert well-formed namespaced content into XHTML. - CSS is also applied slightly differently. Due to XHTML's
case-sensitivity, all CSS selectors become case sensitive for XHTML
documents. Some CSS properties, such as backgrounds, set on the
<body>element in HTML are 'inherited upwards' into the<html>element; this appears not to be the case for XHTML.
Adoption
The similarities between HTML 4.01 and XHTML 1.0 led many web sites and content management systems
to adopt the initial W3C XHTML 1.0 Recommendation. To aid authors in
the transition, the W3C provided guidance on how to publish XHTML 1.0
documents in an HTML-compatible manner, and serve them to browsers that
were not designed for XHTML.
Such "HTML-compatible" content is sent using the HTML media type (
text/html) rather than the official Internet media type for XHTML (application/xhtml+xml).
When measuring the adoption of XHTML to that of regular HTML,
therefore, it is important to distinguish whether it is media type usage
or actual document contents that is being compared.
Most web browsers have mature support for all of the possible XHTML media types. The notable exception is Internet Explorer versions 8 and earlier by Microsoft; rather than rendering
application/xhtml+xml
content, a dialog box invites the user to save the content to disk
instead. Both Internet Explorer 7 (released in 2006) and Internet
Explorer 8 (released in March 2009) exhibit this behavior. Microsoft developer Chris Wilson explained in 2005 that IE7’s priorities were improved browser security and CSS support, and that proper XHTML support would be difficult to graft onto IE’s compatibility-oriented HTML parser; however, Microsoft added support for true XHTML in IE9.
As long as support is not widespread, most web developers avoid using XHTML that is not HTML-compatible, so advantages of XML such as namespaces, faster parsing and smaller-footprint browsers do not benefit the user.
Criticism
In the early 2000s, some web developers began to question why Web authors ever made the leap into authoring in XHTML.
Others countered that the problems ascribed to the use of XHTML could
mostly be attributed to two main sources: the production of invalid
XHTML documents by some Web authors and the lack of support for XHTML
built into Internet Explorer 6.
They went on to describe the benefits of XML-based Web documents (i.e.
XHTML) regarding searching, indexing and parsing as well as
future-proofing the Web itself.
In October 2006, HTML inventor and W3C chair Tim Berners-Lee,
introducing a major W3C effort to develop a new HTML specification,
posted in his blog that, "The attempt to get the world to switch to XML …
all at once didn't work. The large HTML-generating public did not move …
Some large communities did shift and are enjoying the fruits of
well-formed systems … The plan is to charter a completely new HTML
group."
The current HTML5 working draft says "special attention has been given
to defining clear conformance criteria for user agents in an effort to
improve interoperability … while at the same time updating the HTML
specifications to address issues raised in the past few years." Ian Hickson, editor of the HTML5 specification criticising the improper use of XHTML in 2002, is a member of the group developing this specification and is listed as one of the co-editors of the current working draft.
Simon Pieters researched the XML-compliance of mobile browsers and concluded “the claim that XHTML would be needed for mobile devices is simply a myth”.
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CSS
is a style sheet language used for describing the presentation semantics (the look and formatting) of a document written in a markup language. Its most common application is to style web pages written in HTML and XHTML, but the language can also be applied to any kind of XML document, including plain XML, SVG and XUL.
CSS is designed primarily to enable the separation of document
content (written in HTML or a similar markup language) from document
presentation, including elements such as the layout, colors, and fonts. This separation can improve content accessibility,
provide more flexibility and control in the specification of
presentation characteristics, enable multiple pages to share formatting,
and reduce complexity and repetition in the structural content (such as
by allowing for tableless web design).
CSS can also allow the same markup page to be presented in different
styles for different rendering methods, such as on-screen, in print, by
voice (when read out by a speech-based browser or screen reader) and on Braille-based, tactile
devices. It can also be used to allow the web page to display
differently depending on the screen size or device on which it is being
viewed. While the author of a document typically links that document to a
CSS file, readers can use a different style sheet, perhaps one on their
own computer, to override the one the author has specified.
CSS specifies a priority scheme to determine which style rules apply
if more than one rule matches against a particular element. In this
so-called cascade, priorities or weights are calculated and assigned to rules, so that the results are predictable.
The CSS specifications are maintained by the World Wide Web Consortium (W3C). Internet media type (MIME type)
text/css is registered for use with CSS by RFC 2318 (March 1998), and they also operate a free CSS validation service.
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HTML5 English Tutorial
HTML5
is a markup language for structuring and presenting content for the World Wide Web and a core technology of the Internet. It is the fifth revision of the HTML standard (created in 1990 and standardized as HTML 4 as of 1997) and, as of December 2012, is a W3C Candidate Recommendation. Its core aims have been to improve the language with support for the latest multimedia while keeping it easily readable by humans and consistently understood by computers and devices (web browsers, parsers, etc.). HTML5 is intended to subsume not only HTML 4, but also XHTML 1 and DOM Level 2 HTML.[2]
Following its immediate predecessors HTML 4.01 and XHTML 1.1, HTML5
is a response to the observation that the HTML and XHTML in common use
on the World Wide Web are a mixture of features introduced by various
specifications, along with those introduced by software products such as
web browsers, those established by common practice, and the many syntax errors in existing web documents. It is also an attempt to define a single markup language
that can be written in either HTML or XHTML syntax. It includes
detailed processing models to encourage more interoperable
implementations; it extends, improves and rationalises the markup
available for documents, and introduces markup and application programming interfaces (APIs) for complex web applications.[5] For the same reasons, HTML5 is also a potential candidate for cross-platform mobile applications.
Many features of HTML5 have been built with the consideration of being
able to run on low-powered devices such as smartphones and tablets. In
December 2011, research firm Strategy Analytics forecast sales of HTML5
compatible phones will top 1 billion in 2013.
In particular, HTML5 adds many new syntactic features. These include the new
<video>, <audio> and <canvas> elements, as well as the integration of scalable vector graphics (SVG) content (that replaces the uses of generic <object> tags) and MathML for mathematical formulas. These features are designed to make it easy to include and handle multimedia and graphical content on the web without having to resort to proprietary plugins and APIs. Other new elements, such as <section>, <article>, <header> and <nav>, are designed to enrich the semantic content of documents. New attributes have been introduced for the same purpose, while some elements and attributes have been removed. Some elements, such as <a>, <cite> and <menu> have been changed, redefined or standardized. The APIs and Document Object Model (DOM) are no longer afterthoughts, but are fundamental parts of the HTML5 specification.
HTML5 also defines in some detail the required processing for invalid
documents so that syntax errors will be treated uniformly by all
conforming browsers and other user agents.History
The Web Hypertext Application Technology Working Group (WHATWG) began work on the new standard in 2004. At that time, HTML 4.01 had not been updated since 2000, and the World Wide Web Consortium (W3C) was focusing future developments on XHTML 2.0.
In 2009, the W3C allowed the XHTML 2.0 Working Group's charter to
expire and decided not to renew it. W3C and WHATWG are currently working
together on the development of HTML5.
While HTML5 is often compared to Flash, the two technologies are very
different. Both include features for playing audio and video within web
pages, and for using Scalable Vector Graphics. HTML5 on its own cannot be used for animation and interactivity — it must be supplemented with CSS3 or JavaScript. There are many Flash capabilities that have no direct counterpart in HTML5. See Comparison of HTML5 and Flash.
Although HTML5 has been well known among web developers for years, it became the topic of mainstream media around April 2010 after Apple Inc's then-CEO Steve Jobs issued a public letter titled "Thoughts on Flash" where he concludes that "[Adobe] Flash
is no longer necessary to watch video or consume any kind of web
content" and that "new open standards created in the mobile era, such as
HTML5, will win".
This sparked a debate in web development circles where some suggested
that while HTML5 provides enhanced functionality, developers must
consider the varying browser support of the different parts of the
standard as well as other functionality differences between HTML5 and
Flash.
In early November 2011, Adobe announced that it will discontinue
development of Flash for mobile devices and reorient its efforts in
developing tools utilizing HTML5.
Standardization process
The Mozilla Foundation and Opera Software presented a position paper at a World Wide Web Consortium (W3C) workshop in June 2004, focusing on developing technologies that are backwards compatible with existing browsers,
including an initial draft specification of Web Forms 2.0. The workshop
concluded with a vote, 8 for, 14 against, for continuing work on HTML. Later that month, work based upon that position paper moved to the
newly formed Web Hypertext Application Technology Working Group
(WHATWG), and a second draft, Web Applications 1.0, was also announced. The two specifications were later merged to form HTML5.[21] The HTML5 specification was adopted as the starting point of the work of the new HTML working group of the W3C in 2007.
- 2008 – First Public Working Draft
WHATWG published the First Public Working Draft of the specification on 22 January 2008.
Parts of HTML5 have been implemented in browsers despite the whole
specification not yet having reached final Recommendation status.
- 2011 – Last Call
On 14 February 2011, the W3C extended the charter of its HTML Working
Group with clear milestones for HTML5. In May 2011, the working group
advanced HTML5 to "Last Call", an invitation to communities inside and
outside W3C to confirm the technical soundness of the specification. The
W3C is developing a comprehensive test suite to achieve broad
interoperability for the full specification by 2014, which is now the
target date for Recommendation. In January 2011, the WHATWG renamed its "HTML5" living standard to "HTML". The W3C nevertheless continues its project to release HTML5.[24]
- 2012 – Candidate Recommendation
In July 2012, WHATWG and W3C
decided on a degree of separation. W3C will continue the HTML5
specification work, focusing on a single definitive standard, which is
considered as a "snapshot" by WHATWG. The WHATWG organization will
continue its work with HTML5 as a "Living Standard". The concept of a
living standard is that it is never complete and is always being updated
and improved. New features can be added but functionality will not be
removed.
In December 2012, W3C designated HTML5 as a Candidate Recommendation. The criterion for advancement to W3C Recommendation is "two 100% complete and fully interoperable implementations".
Plan 2014
In September 2012, the W3C proposed a plan to release a stable HTML5 Recommendation by the end of 2014 and an HTML 5.1 specification Recommendation by the end of 2016.
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MySQL Database English Tutorial
MySQL
is an open source relational database management system (RDBMS) that runs as a server providing multi-user access to a number of databases. It is named after co-founder Michael Widenius' daughter, My. The SQL phrase stands for Structured Query Language.
The MySQL development project has made its source code available under the terms of the GNU General Public License, as well as under a variety of proprietary agreements. MySQL was owned and sponsored by a single for-profit firm, the Swedish company MySQL AB, now owned by Oracle Corporation.
MySQL is a popular choice of database for use in web applications, and is a central component of the widely used LAMP open source web application software stack (and other 'AMP' stacks). LAMP is an acronym for "Linux, Apache, MySQL, Perl/PHP/Python." Free-software-open source projects that require a full-featured database management system often use MySQL.
For commercial use, several paid editions are available, and offer
additional functionality. Applications which use MySQL databases
include: TYPO3, MODx, Joomla, WordPress, phpBB, MyBB, Drupal and other software. MySQL is also used in many high-profile, large-scale websites, including Wikipedia, Google (though not for searches), Facebook, Twitter, Flickr, and YouTube.
Programming
MySQL works on many system platforms, including AIX, BSDi, FreeBSD, HP-UX, eComStation, i5/OS, IRIX, Linux, Mac OS X, Microsoft Windows, NetBSD, Novell NetWare, OpenBSD, OpenSolaris, OS/2 Warp, QNX, Solaris, Symbian, SunOS, SCO OpenServer, SCO UnixWare, Sanos and Tru64. A port of MySQL to OpenVMS also exists.
MySQL is written in C and C++. Its SQL parser is written in yacc, but it uses a home-brewed lexical analyzer. Many programming languages with language-specific APIs include libraries for accessing MySQL databases. These include MySQL Connector/Net for integration with Microsoft's Visual Studio (languages such as C# and VB are most commonly used) and the JDBC driver for Java. In addition, an ODBC interface called MyODBC allows additional programming languages that support the ODBC interface to communicate with a MySQL database, such as ASP or ColdFusion. The HTSQL - URL-based
query method also ships with a MySQL adapter, allowing direct
interaction between a MySQL database and any web client via structured
URLs.
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Ajax English Tutorial
Ajax
is a group of interrelated web development techniques used on the client-side to create asynchronous web applications. With Ajax, web applications can send data to, and retrieve data from, a server
asynchronously (in the background) without interfering with the display
and behavior of the existing page. Data can be retrieved using the
XMLHttpRequest object. Despite the name, the use of XML is not required (JSON is often used instead), and the requests do not need to be asynchronous.
Ajax is not a single technology, but a group of technologies. HTML and CSS can be used in combination to mark up and style information. The DOM
is accessed with JavaScript to dynamically display, and allow the user
to interact with, the information presented. JavaScript and the
XMLHttpRequest object provide a method for exchanging data
asynchronously between browser and server to avoid full page reloads.
History
In the 1990s, most web sites were based on complete HTML pages. Each
user action required that the page be reloaded from the server (or a new
page loaded). This process was inefficient, as reflected by the user
experience: all page content disappeared then reappeared. Each time a
page was reloaded due to a partial change, all of the content had to be
re-sent, even though only some of the information had changed. This
placed additional load on the server and used excessive bandwidth. In 1996, the iframe tag was introduced by Internet Explorer to load content asynchronously.
In 1998, Microsoft Outlook Web Access team implemented the first component XMLHTTP by client script.
In 1999, Microsoft utilized its iframe technology to dynamically
update the news stories and stock quotes on the default page for
Internet Explorer, and created the XMLHTTP ActiveX control in Internet Explorer 5, which was later adopted by Mozilla, Safari, Opera and other browsers as the XMLHttpRequest JavaScript object. Microsoft has adopted the native XMLHttpRequest model as of Internet Explorer 7, though the ActiveX version is still supported. The utility of background HTTP
requests to the server and asynchronous web technologies remained
fairly obscure until it started appearing in full scale online
applications such as Outlook Web Access (2000) and Oddpost (2002).
Google made a wide deployment of standards-compliant, cross browser Ajax with Gmail (2004) and Google Maps (2005).
The term Ajax was coined on 18 February 2005 by Jesse James Garrett in an article entitled "Ajax: A New Approach to Web Applications", based on techniques used on Google pages.
On 5 April 2006, the World Wide Web Consortium (W3C) released the first draft specification for the XMLHttpRequest object in an attempt to create an official web standard.
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Sunday, June 23, 2013
Python Programming English tutorials
Python
is a widely used general-purpose, high-level programming language. Its design philosophy emphasizes code readability, and its syntax allows programmers to express concepts in fewer lines of code than would be possible in languages such as C. The language provides constructs intended to enable clear programs on both a small and large scale.
Python supports multiple programming paradigms, including object-oriented, imperative and functional programming styles. It features a dynamic type system and automatic memory management and has a large and comprehensive standard library.
Like other dynamic languages, Python is often used as a scripting language,
but is also used in a wide range of non-scripting contexts. Using
third-party tools, Python code can be packaged into standalone
executable programs. Python interpreters are available for many
operating systems.
CPython, the reference implementation of Python, is free and open source software
and has a community-based development model, as do nearly all of its
alternative implementations. CPython is managed by the non-profit Python Software Foundation.
History
Python was conceived in the late 1980s[ and its implementation was started in December 1989 by Guido van Rossum at CWI in the Netherlands as a successor to the ABC language (itself inspired by SETL) capable of exception handling and interfacing with the Amoeba operating system.
Van Rossum is Python's principal author, and his continuing central
role in deciding the direction of Python is reflected in the title given
to him by the Python community, Benevolent Dictator for Life (BDFL).
Python 2.0 was released on 16 October 2000, with many major new features including a full garbage collector and support for Unicode. With this release the development process was changed and became more transparent and community-backed.
Python 3.0 (also called Python 3000 or py3k), a major, backwards-incompatible release, was released on 3 December 2008 after a long period of testing. Many of its major features have been backported to the backwards-compatible Python 2.6 and 2.7
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Java Programming English Tutorial
Java
is
a general-purpose, concurrent, class-based, object-oriented computer
programming language
that is specifically designed to have as few implementation
dependencies as possible. It is intended to let application developers
"write once, run anywhere" (WORA), meaning that code that runs on one
platform does not need to be recompiled to run on another. Java
applications are typically compiled to bytecode (class file) that can
run on any Java virtual machine (JVM) regardless of computer
architecture.
Java is, as of 2012, one of the most popular programming languages in
use, particularly for client-server web applications, with a reported 10
million users. Java was originally developed by James Gosling at Sun
Microsystems (which has since merged into Oracle Corporation) and
released in 1995 as a core component of Sun Microsystems' Java platform.
The language derives much of its syntax from C and C++, but it has
fewer low-level facilities than either of them.
The
original and reference implementation Java compilers, virtual machines,
and class libraries were developed by Sun from 1991 and first released
in 1995. As of May 2007, in compliance with the specifications of the
Java Community Process, Sun relicensed most of its Java technologies
under the GNU General Public License. Others have also developed
alternative implementations of these Sun technologies, such as the GNU
Compiler for Java and GNU Classpath.
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C++ English Tutorial
C PlusPlus
pronounced
"see plus plus") is a statically typed, free-form, multi-paradigm,
compiled, general-purpose programming language. It is regarded as an
intermediate-level language, as it comprises both high-level and
low-level language features. Developed by Bjarne Stroustrup starting in
1979 at Bell Labs, C++ was originally named C with Classes, adding
object oriented features, such as classes, and other enhancements to the
C programming language. The language was renamed C++ in 1983, as a pun
involving the increment operator.
C++ is one of the most popular programming languages
and is implemented on a wide variety of hardware and operating system
platforms. As an efficient compiler to native code, its application
domains include systems software, application software, device drivers,
embedded software, high-performance server and client applications, and
entertainment software such as video games. Several groups provide both
free and proprietary C++ compiler software, including the GNU Project,
LLVM, Microsoft, Intel and Embarcadero Technologies. C++ has greatly
influenced many other popular programming languages, most notably C# and
Java. Other successful languages such as Objective-C use a very
different syntax and approach to adding classes to C.
C++
is also used for hardware design, where the design is initially
described in C++, then analyzed, architecturally constrained, and
scheduled to create a register-transfer level hardware description
language via high-level synthesis.
The
language began as enhancements to C, first adding classes, then virtual
functions, operator overloading, multiple inheritance, templates and
exception handling, among other features. After years of development,
the C++ programming language standard was ratified in 1998 as ISO/IEC 14882:1998. The standard was amended by the 2003 technical corrigendum, ISO/IEC 14882:2003. The current standard extending C++ with new features was ratified and published by ISO in September 2011 as ISO/IEC 14882:2011
Tutorial Information
From:- The New Boston CH
29 Tutorial
Tutorial Time - 2:51
From:- The New Boston CH
29 Tutorial
Tutorial Time - 2:51
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Adobe Photoshop Basics English Tutorial
PhotoShop
is a graphics editing program developed and published by Adobe Systems.
Adobe's 2003 "Creative Suite" rebranding
led to Adobe Photoshop 8's renaming to Adobe Photoshop CS. Thus, Adobe
Photoshop CS6 is the 13th major release
of Adobe Photoshop. The CS rebranding also resulted in Adobe offering
numerous software packages containing multiple Adobe programs for a
reduced price. Adobe Photoshop is released in two editions: Adobe
Photoshop, and Adobe Photoshop Extended, with the Extended having extra
3D image creation, motion graphics editing, and advanced image analysis
features. Adobe Photoshop Extended is included in all of Adobe's
Creative Suite
offerings except Design Standard, which includes the Adobe Photoshop
edition.
Alongside Photoshop and Photoshop Extended,
Adobe also publishes Photoshop Elements and Photoshop Lightroom,
collectively called "The Adobe Photoshop Family". In 2008, Adobe
released Adobe Photoshop Express, a free web-based image editing tool to
edit photos directly on blogs and social networking sites; in 2011 a
version was released for the Android operating system and the iOS
operating system.
Adobe distributes Photoshop in Windows and Macintosh versions
77 Tutorials
Tutorials Time 5 hour
Tutorials Information
From :- HowardPinsky CH77 Tutorials
Tutorials Time 5 hour
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